The Portuguese Community in the Volunteers and defence ofHong Kong, 80 years after Liberation (Part III)

By Ruy Barretto, Anthony Correa and Prof. Clifford Pereira, with acknowledgements to Henrique d'Assumpcao and Robert Leitao's invaluable online photographic contributions.

In the first two parts of this seminal research piece, we set the scene for this penultimate Part III of our series on the Portuguese community's contribution to the defence of Hong Kong. Part I described the background and conditions in advance of the Japanese invasion, the Battle of Hong Kong, and the varied roles the Portuguese took both in the service of the military and other civil defence services. In Part II we remembered the Portuguese members of the Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps (HKVDC) that were interned as Prisoners of War, as well as the many Portuguese refugees, and members of the resistance. Part II also provides an insight into what life was like under Japanese occupation for those who stayed in Hong Kong during those 3 years and 8 months of brutal occupation, including the vital wartime role of Club Lusitano.

In Part III we revisit the 26 names featured on the Club de Recreio Memorial and through our research expand it by another 11 members of the Portuguese Community who died in WWII. We have gone to great lengths to capture as many of the names of Portuguese who died or were tortured by the Japanese and recognise this list is not exhaustive as in the fog of war record keeping can be poor and after 80 years memories have faded. This list of 37 died plus 15 tortured captures a glimpse of the faces of these young Portuguese and their families before they made the ultimate sacrifice in the defence of Hong Kong. The photographs show young men and women living normal lives prior to December 1941 through portraits, weddings, birthday parties, sporting events and other social gathers that for them were never to be repeated after the terrible events of the Pacific War. Moreover, their deaths left their families a tragic legacy for the surviving wives, mothers, fathers, siblings and other friends and family that has endured to this day.

Revisiting The Club de Recreio Memorial.

Portuguese members of the Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps (HKVDC) who died are set out in alphabetical order on the Club de Recreio Memorial. The twenty-six names with further information from various references are set out, some are covered by Evan Stewart, some by Tony Banham and some in both, and all are recorded in early typed lists of the Volunteers compiled by Regimental Sergeant Major Robert John Everest, MBE Military of the HKVDC[1]. There are also BAAG details from Edwin Ride.[2]

These sources were initially examined by Ruy Barretto and Clifford Pereira who accessed the material from Dr Jorge Forjaz’ Famílias Macaensis placing most of the persons into their family and the wider Portuguese community. Clifford Pereira accessed Japanese Prisoner of War (POW) and British official records. Additionally, following the appeal for more information in the last publication, Robert Leitao based in California has brought his excellent decades of Hongkong-Macau Portuguese genealogy research to this endeavour. Our team has attempted to provide details of death, burial or commemoration to fulfil closure and memory for the concerned families.

All historical sources have their strengths and weakness. Names are often abbreviated or anglicized and vary from baptism certificates to daily usage. The names hereby in bold are the most concise or comprehensive that can be compiled. Dates of birth and baptism are confused. Details of death also vary across sources, demonstrating that the families were left uncertain or unaware of when and what happened to their loved ones in time of war and occupation. Sometimes more than one member of the family was implicated during the Kempeitai interrogations hence the whole extended family suffered accordingly.

The Twenty-Six

Henrique Alberto Alves “Dickie”. Private 3366, 6th Company. HKVDC.[3] Born 5th Dec.1906.[4] Died 19th Dec.1941, possibly at Tai Koo Dockyards.[5] He is recorded in Hong Kong Casualty Lists[6] and remembered on the Sai Wan Memorial.[7] His older brother Darius Cesar Luis de Selavisa was in No.5 Machine Gun Company HKVDC and died in 1984. His father Jack Alves died in 1964.

Club de Recreio Baseball, 1925

Dickie Alves Club de Rerceio Baseball L-R 1 Eduardo Antonio "Dick" Noronha, 2 Antonio Maria "Smoky" Xavier, 3 Henrique Alberto "Dick" "Dickie" Alves, 4 Francis Joseph "Doc" "Frank" Molthen, 5 Pedro "Peter" Nolasco da Silva, 6 Luiz Antonio Rocha, 7 Adelino Vitus "Lino" Gosano, 8 Carlos Francisco "Chodas" da Luz dos Remedios, 9 Daniel Paulo Xavier, 10 Carlos Eduardo "Carlinho" "Charlie" Roza

Luiz Antonio "Lichi" Barros. Private 2437, 6th Company HKDC. Born 25th Aug.1911.[8] He died while a POW.[9] Everest records that Luiz died at Sham Shui Po Camp of acute hepatic obstruction and malignant malaria. He died 23rdAug.1943.[10] This is the date on his headstone at the St. Michael’s Catholic Cemetery, Hong Kong.[11]

Lichi Barros back row, second from left with parents Antao and Antonia, Celsa, Effie and Beatrice, his sisters and brother Henry “Machichi” (see list of tortured below)

Henrique Maria Britto “Henry”. Company Sergeant Major 1290.[12] Born on 19th Jul. 1910.[13] Everest and a British record state his death at Bowen Road Hospital from Avitaminosis (Vitamin deficiency).[14] Stewart[15] and one British record confirm that he died on the 31st Jan.1943.[16]

H M Britto’s gravestone from Stanley War Cemetery

Henrique Maria Campos “Henry”. Gunner 4836, 4th Battery (Pak Sha Wan) HKVDC.[17] Born 21st Sep.1915.[18] Henrique was an employee of Dodwell & Co. Forjaz has his date of death as 24th Dec.1941.[19] However, Banham and the headstone at the Stanley Cemetery[20] have his death on the 18th Dec.1941[21] which is also the date on a British Record.[22]

Eduardo Alberto Ribeiro Fernandes. Private 3586, 6th Company, HKVDC. Born 29th Dec.1919 in Kowloon.[23] He was the younger brother of Betty Fernandes who had married Lance Sergeant George James White, 3rd Company, who was younger brother of William John White. Everest records that he was drafted for transport to Japan on 29th Apr.1944. Eduardo died at the Sendai, Yoshima Coal Mine, Shinagawa Hospital, Japan.[24] According to British War Records his prison number was 4571/156 and he died of a broken back while at Camp 14-D, Sendai.[25] He died on 18th Dec.1944.[26] Eduardo is buried in the Yokohama British War Cemetery, Japan.[27]

Signature from Marciano Baptista’s POW Album

Ignacio (also Ignatius) M. Fernandes. Quarter Master Sergeant (Gunner) 3791, 4th Battery (Pak Sha Wan) HKVDC.[28] Everest and Banham provide his death as 14th Dec.1941.[29] This is the same as ‘Fernandez I.N., of the Portuguese Company’ that Clifford Pereira found in British records that state he died on 15th Dec.1941 at the Bowen Road Hospital and was interred at Happy Valley.[30] Robert Leitao confirms that these records apply to the same person. Ignacio is named on the Sai Wan Memorial.[31]

Ignacio Fernandes standing third from the left. Interport Football (circa 1928)

Eduardo Miguel Drysdale Franco “Bico”. Private 2477, 6th Company HKVDC. He was born 29th Sep.1903, married Osmínia F. Da Cruz in 1930.[32]Eduardo was a POW and Everest records he was drafted for transport on 29th Apr.1944. He arrived at Sendai, Japan on 14th May 1944. He fell ill with pneumonia on 28th Jan.1945 and passed away on 29th Jan.1945 at 2:30pm at the Yoshima Coal Mine, Japan.[33] Eduardo is commemorated at the Yokohama British War Cemetery.[34] This is corroborated by Stewart.[35]

Eduardo “Bico” Franco pictured 3rd from right at the wedding of Carlos Eugeino Xavier Sr and Hemila Cruz, 18 April 1931, Rosary Church, Kowloon, Hong Kong Also pictured are Celeste Xavier, Hipolito Xavier, Augusta Xavier and Osminia Cruz (married to Eduardo Franco in 1939)

Joaquim Jerónimo Guterres. Lieutenant 3781, 5th Company HKVDC. Born 30th Sep.1909. His wedding photo is included in Forjaz.[36] He was a POW in Sham Shui Po POW camp.[37] A British record states that Joaquim died of dysentery on 26th Jul.1942.[38] Everest records he died from dysentery at St Teresa Hospital on 26th Jul. 1942 and Banham is similar.[39] However some British records state he died 27th Jul.1942.[40] We suggest that Joaquim died on the night of the 26th and his death was recorded on the following day. There is a cemetery record of his burial at St. Michael’s Catholic Cemetery on the 22nd Aug.1946, which also states that the remains were transferred from Argyle Street.[41] This is supported by a British record.[42] Joaquim is remembered with a grave at the Stanley War Memorial, the death given as 27th Jul.1942.[43]

Marriage of Lt Joaquim J Gutteres and Maria da Cruz

Eduardo or Edward Filomeno Hyndman “Eddie”. Sapper 5002, Field Company Engineers HKVDC.[44] Forjaz has “Eduardo” as born in 1926.[45] There is a headstone at the Hong Kong War Memorial that gives his birth in 1924 and death in 1941, which would mean he was just 16 or 17 when he died.[46] He was admitted to the War Memorial Hospital 20th Dec.1941. One British source says Eduardo died of wounds on 28th Dec.1941.[47] Robert Leitao found a source indicating Eduardo was wounded on 22nd Dec 1941, died on 31st Dec. 1941, and was initially buried on the grounds adjoining Queen Mary’s Hospital.[48] Everest records he was killed in action 22nd Dec.1941. Edward’s death on 31st Dec.1941 is confirmed by one British source.[49] Forjaz’s birth date would make Edward 15 years old when he enlisted.

Francis José Jorge. Private, Army Service Corps (ASC) HKVDC.[50] Forjaz has a record of his birth on 9th Jul.1919.[51] Everest records him missing believed killed on 21st Dec.1941. A British record suggests that he was at the Taikoo Dockyard and “presumed to have died” on the 22nd Dec.[52] Banham page 211, in note 53 below, quoting the Commonwealth War Graves Commission has him dying in the Repulse Bay Hotel Garage area, on 22nd Dec.1941 but actually includes Francis in his list of 15 Volunteers killed presumably at The Ridge, Overbays, Eucliffe. He notes at page 371 that there was no record of fighting at Repulse Bay Garages that day so the several HKVDC RASC men killed were probably part of the Ridge, Overbays and Eucliffe killings.[53] Francis is remembered at the Sai Wan Memorial.[54]

John Henry Lawrence Jnr. Private DR88 Army Service Corps (ASC) HKVDC. Forjaz claims he was born in 14th Dec.1913,[55] Forjaz has a wedding photo to Guilhermina Augusta Medina. They had three children.[56] John was captured on 25th Dec.1941.[57] Everest records he died at St Teresa Hospital from chronic malaria while a POW 29th May 1942 as does Stewart.[58] A Japanese POW card states that he died of a malaria and tuberculosis.[59] This is supported by Banham who also states that he was at the St Teresa Hospital.[60] He was initially buried at Sham Shui Po.[61] He was later re buried at the Hong Kong Catholic Cemetery.[62]

Photo from Vol 3 Famílias Macaenses by Jorge Forjaz

Wedding picture of Johnny Lawrence, the father of John Lawrence who died during the war is the young boy between the bride and the groom (John Monteiro's parents)

Antonio Paulo Maher. Private (number ?), HKVDC.[63] Forjaz has António Eutrópio Maher born 14th Dec.1900.[64] A grave at St. Michael’s Catholic Cemetery suggests that his name was Antonio Pedro Maher.[65] Antonio worked for the Hong Kong Electric Company.[66] Everest records Antonio was killed in action at Jardines Lookout[67] Banham[68] Everest and Forjaz all state Antonio’s death on 19th Dec.1941.[69] A British record confirms this date of death.[70] Forjaz has died 19th Dec.1941.[71] Other members of the Maher family were in the Volunteers.

Carlos Antonio Yvanovich Marques “Cacu”. Lance Corporal 2831.[72] 6th Company, HKVDC. Born 30th Aug. 1917.[73] He was working for the Standard Oil Co.[74] Everest lists him missing believed killed and Banham also gives his death as 19th Dec.1941 possibly Tai Koo Dockyards, ie with Dickie Alves above,[75]Forjaz states he died in combat Dec. 1941.[76] This is confirmed by British sources.[77] He is commemorated at the Sai Wan Memorial.[78]

Club de Recreio, Tennis (circa 1938)

Carlos Antonio Yvanovich Marques 3rd row, 4th from the right.

Miguel M Mendonca “Mike”. Lance Corporal, Acting Sergeant, 2714. 5th Company. HKVDC. Clifford Pereira has found a reference to Miguel M Mendonça in a Hongkong Newspaper dated to 1938. He worked for John D. Hutchison & Co. alongside H.A. Alves and other members of the Portuguese community.[79] He is not listed by Stewart nor in Banham, however Everest records him and details his promotion as “appointed Acting Sergeant with effect from 13th Feb.1942.” Everest records that he was struck off strength, removed from Camp 24th or 25th Apr.1942 and died.

Francisco Antonio Noronha “Francis”. Private 3357, 6th Company HKVDC[80]. Francisco, born 8th Aug.1921.[81] A family photo including young Francis exists.[82] Banham says he was killed by a grenade at Tai Koo Docks 18th Dec.1941.[83] Forjaz says he was killed on 20th Dec.1941 in the defence of Hong Kong.[84] This is corroborated by Everest and British records.[85]

Francis Antonio Noronha second row far left. The youngest of 10 children with his father Eduardo and mother Helena, siblings Eduardo Jr, Guilherme, Helena, Carlos, Henrique, Aida, Augusto, Myra, Antonio

Manuel Heliodoro Francisco de Graça Ozorio. Gunner 4198, 5th Battery. HKVDC.[86] Born 28th Jan.1917.[87] Stewart and Banham record that Manuel was killed in action or the massacre at Sai Wan Hill.[88] Forjaz has a later date, 19th Dec.1941.[89] The 18th Dec date is also provided by Everest. Stewart[90] and Banham[91] which is the date on British records,[92] and on his headstone at the Stanley War memorial.[93]

Photo courtesy of Michael Ozorio

Manuel Gonzaga Gomes Prata. Private 3606,[94] 6th Company. HKVDC-BAAG.[95] Manuel was born on 2nd Jun.1909 to Pedro Francisco and Maria Prata of Kowloon. A Japanese POW card states that he was captured on 19th Dec.1941[96] He was arrested at the Argyle Street Camp 1st Jul.1943 and died 9th Sep.1943 under interrogation, one of 96 on the BAAG roll of honour, most of whom were tortured to death.[97] He was executed 14th Sep.1943.[98][99] His name also appears on the BAAG Roll of Honour.[100] Robert Leitao has found evidence that Manuel’s remains were moved from Stanley Corps Cemetery to St. Michael’s Cemetery, Hong Kong.[101] Manuel is remembered at St. Michael’s Catholic Cemetery.[102]

Manuel Gonzaga Gomes Prata. Pictured rear row far left with his parents Pedro and Maria Prata. Pictured are his 15 siblings

Rear, Manuel Gonzaga Gomes Prata, Fernando Augusto Gomes Prata, Mario Americo Gomes Prata, Alberto Maria Gomes Prata, Frederico Francisco Gomes Prata, Henrique Jose Gomes Prata

Standing, second row: Marie Francisca Gomes Prata, Thalia Maria Gomes Prata, Carmen Maria Gomes Prata, Albertina Augusta Gomes Prata

Standing and seated in the third row: Hilda Lourdes Gomes Prata, Liana Maria Gomes Prata, Maria Jose Gomes, Pedro Fernando da Cruz Prata, Angela Maria da Natividade dos Remedios, Alfredo Jose Maria Gomes Prata

Front row: Therese Prata, Marie Therese Prata, Illeana Maria Prata

Arthur Agustus Reed.[103] Private, 3rd Company, HKVDC. Arthur was born on 28 Jul.1908.[104] He was one of four of the seven sons of John Amaro Reed and Maria Rita da Silva who died in the war.[105] Arthur worked at the China Light & Power Co.[106] Arthur was killed in Action at Jardines Lookout, 19th Dec.1941[107] a date confirmed by Everest. He is memorialised at the Sai Wan Memorial, Hong Kong.[108]

Reed Family pictured at their home 10 Broadwood Road, overlooking Happy Valley

Top row: Arthur Reed

Middle row: Edgar, Wilfred, Robert

First row: Francis, Amaro John, Reggie, Rita, Stephen

Edgar Vincent (or Vincente) Reed.[109] Private, 3rd Company, HKVDC. Forjaz states that Edgar was born on 11th Jan.1905,[110] but he was actually born on the 10th Jan 1905.[111] He worked in the government’s tax office and was killed in action.[112] Edgar’s death on the 19th Dec.1941 is confirmed by British Records[113], Banham pg 154 and Everest.

Diocesan Boys School, War Memorial featuring the four Reed brothers.

Francis Oswald Reed. Gunner 2798, HKVDC.[114] 5th Anti-aircraft Battery Sai Wan Fort.[115] Francis was born in 1913.[116] He worked for China Light & Power Co. and according to British records he died in action on 19th Dec.1941.[117] However Forjaz gives the death on 18th Dec.1941[118] as does Banham pg 109. He was buried at St. Michaels Cemetery, Hong Kong.[119]

Francis Oswald Reed with his niece Mary Reed.

Stephen Arnold Reed. Private 3856,[120] 3rd Company, HKVDC.[121] Stephen was born 15th Jan.1865.[122] He worked at the General Post Office. Everest records he died on 25th Dec.1941, though it is likely this was when he was taken prisoner.[123] Banham 2009, pg. 75 states at Bowen Road Hospital on 15th January 1942 he “died of wounds” .[124] Forjaz has this date of death, [125] which is repeated in British Records.[126]

Plaque at Ricci Hall, HKU, Featuring brothers Arthur and Stephen Reed (& Lt Joaquim Guterres)

Eduardo Augusto (or Alberto) Vieira Ribeiro. Private 4059, Field Ambulance, HKVDC. Forjaz has Eduardo Alberto born on 18th Oct.1910 and married 19th Oct. 1941 with a wedding photo.[127] He was captured on the 25th Dec.1941. As recorded in Everest he died in Sham Shui Po Camp on 23rd Aug. 1942, and Banham also states Eduardo died of Diphtheria.[128] British sources confirm he died as a POW on 23rd Aug.1942,[129] a date also in Stewart.[130]

Eduardo Alberto Viera Ribeiro wedding to Mercedes Vicenta Mendes, HK, 19 October 1941

Eduardo Augusto Vieira Ribeiro’s gravestone in Stanley War Cemetery

Antonio João Rocha “Tony”. Lance Bombardier 4538.[131] 4th Battery (Pak Sha Wan), HKVDC. [132] Born 27th Dec.1907.[133] Clifford Pereira found him under the name A.J.C. Da Rocha who worked as secretary of the Confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament in 1934.[134] He was killed in action at Pak Sha Wan fort 18th Dec.1941.[135] This is confirmed by Everest. Antonio is memorialised at the Sai Wan Memorial.[136]

Rocha Family photo

Back: Antonio, Celito, Edo

Front: Amario "Mario", Rufino, Carlos

Luíz Romano Sequeira. Private 3325, 5th Company HKVDC.[137] Born 24th Jan.1916.[138] Luiz worked for John Hutchison & Co. Luiz is not mentioned by Stewart. Banham states that he was killed by a bomb fragment at Mt Davis, 15th Dec.1941.[139] His death is confirmed by Forjaz and Everest as 29th Dec.1941. However, while stating that Luíz was killed in action British records place his death on 15th Dec.1941.[140] This date is significant as it was the eighth day of the Battle of Hong Kong when the territor y suffered concentrated aerial and artiller y bombardment, especially at the forts at Mt Davies.[141]

Ambrósio César (or Caeser) da Silva. Private 3615. 6th Company, HKVDC. Born on 16th Apr.1903 in Manila.[142] Captured on the 26th Dec.1941.[143] The presence of a Japanese POW card confirms that he was born in Manila and was taken prisoner.[144] Stewart states Ambrósio died on 8th Jul.1945, [145] Banham states he died while POW from severe haemorrhage in Bowen Road Hospital[146]. Everest records he died in C.B.S. Hospital Kowloon from haematemesis from a Stomach Ulcer on 8th July 1945. Forjaz says he died 8th Jul.1945 and was buried in Stanley Military Cemetery.[147] This is confirmed by the Commonwealth War Memorial.[148] A British record suggests that he was liberated at Hongkong on 2nd Sep.1945[149] and we assume that this a recording error. There is a headstone to Ambrósio at the Stanley War Memorial.[150]

Ambrosio Cesar da Silva and Sarah Maria Lima

Ambrósio César da Silva’s gravestone in Stanley War Cemetery

Alberto Carlos Soares “Albert”. Private 2440, 6th Company HKVDC.[151] Born 14th Apr.1912.[152] A Japanese POW card shows that he was captured on 26th Dec.1941.[153] Everest records he died in Sham Shui Po Camp on 3rd Jan. 1944 from cardiac failure due to coronary occlusion. Banham states Alberto died while POW. 3rd Jan.1944 of cardiac failure[154]. Stewart,[155] Forjaz,[156] and British Records confirm this date.[157] His grave is at the Stanley War Cemetery.[158]

Alberto Carlos Soares, as a child seated front row second from right with his father Carlos Maria Soares (top left) and mother Carmelita Maria Pereira (seated left).

Signature from Marciano Baptista’s POW album

Additional Findings – Eleven more

To these twenty-six we add six persons who died and are listed by Koo, Silva or Banham books, and another five that we have subsequently found who died in the defence of Hong Kong, as part of the resistance and as POWs:

Carlos Henrique De Senna Fernandes de Castro Basto “Henry”. BAAG.[159] Born 27th Mar.1890,[160] Historian Brian Edgar has researched this. Carlos was Chairman of the Portuguese Residents Association, he was arrested at the Club Lusitano, Ice House Street and on 29th Aug.1944 was tried with 40 others including 18 Portuguese. Notes found on him were alleged to be codes. Edgar says that they probably were codes, but Ruy Barretto recalls his family members who had known Henry, believed his defence that they were indeed his bridge notes.[161] Silva states that he was executed by Japanese”.[162] Forjaz gives Carlos’ death as 27th Mar.1890.[163] However Banham states his death was on 31st Aug.1944.[164]

Carlos Henry Basto Rear Right at his brother Jose’s wedding to Olivia Baretto. Domitília Brázia de Sousa (Lolita), Leo D'Almada, João Basto, Olivia Barretto, Carlos Henrique (Henry) Basto, Ofelia (or perhaps Tilly) Barretto, 28 June 1934, Hong Kong

Edward James Cullen. DR. Regimental Number 119652. Private Royal Army Service Corps (RASC). [165] Edward was born around 1920 to Frederick Solomon Cullen and Angelina Eulalia Allemão.[166] Banham lists Edward as killed at The Ridge/Overbays/Eucliffe on 22nd Dec.1941.[167] Edward is commemorated at the Sai Wan Memorial, Hong Kong.[168]

Frederick Solomon Cullen and Angelina Allemao with their first seven children. The two boys sitting on the ground far left and far right are Edward and William (per R Leitao, 10 June 2026 email)

William Francis Cullen. Private in the Army Service Corps (ASC) of HKVDC per Banham. William was born around 1919 to Frederick Solomon Cullen (Fred) and Angelina Eulalia Allemão.[169] Everest records he was missing believed killed and the British records list William as killed in action on 22nd Dec.1941.[170] Banham lists William as missing believed killed at the Repulse Bay Garages on 20th Dec. 1941.[171] William is commemorated at the Sai Wan Memorial, Hong Kong.[172] It is possible the brothers fell at the same time and place as the graves of both brothers are unknown. Corporal Frederick Solomon Cullen (Fred), the father of the Cullen boys was a Sapper in the HKVDC, promoted and died as a POW on the 2nd Mar.1945.[173] His record is in Everest. He is remembered by a headstone at the Stanley War Memorial.[174]

Frederico Natalio Cunha “Fred”. Air Raid Precaution (ARP) Warden. Fred was born on 5th Oct.1903 to Maximiano J.E. da Cunha and Maria A. Placé. He worked for the Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China. Frederico died on the 20th Dec. 1941 and was buried at St. Michaels Cemetery Hong Kong.[175]

Vicente António Da Costa “Vichy” or “Ko Lo”. Private 15001338. 2nd Battalion Suffolk Regiment. [176] According to Forjaz Vicente was born in Shanghai in 1911. [177]Robert Leitao located the

Portuguese registry with the date of 25th Sep.1911.[178] Vincent was the son of Mariano Joaquim and Deodata Nogueira da Costa of Macau.[179] Bosco Correa confirmed his two nicknames. British sources suggested that he was living in ‘China’ in 1941, but later enlisted in the Suffolk Infantry Regiment.[180] Robert Leitao confirms that he was a refugee to Macau from Shanghai in 1942.[181] A member of the Chindits, he died in battle under Japanese sniper fire on the Assam-Burma border. British sources provide the death date of 5th Feb.1944.[182] Vincent is commemorated at the Maynamati War Cemetery. Chittagong, Bangladesh.[183]

Percy Lawrence Morphew. Private DR144, HKVDC.[184] Born in Hong Kong 7th Sep.1899 son of

Josephine Lawrence and George Morphew per Forjaz.[185] Everest records him as Private DR144, death in Sham Shui Po Camp from chronic enteritis and malnutrition. Died as POW on 29th Oct.1942[186]. Percy is remembered at the Stanley War Cemetery.[187]

Wedding of Percy Larwence Morphew and Mary Agnes Thomas (enhanced), 28 April 1934, Shanghai

Peter Norman Hunt (Rosario). DVR T/215978, Royal Army Service Corps (RASC)/BAAG.[188] Born in 1924. While he served as Rosario with the BAAG, his name was Peter Norman Hunt, the son of Sergeant Hubert James Hunt (who died as a POW HKVDC) and Julie Gertie Norton of Kowloon.[189] He served in BAAG Sp. Mem “C” 1. A. 31.[190] An interesting record describes him as “Previously posted Missing 25.12.41. now Presumed Dead whilst Prisoner of War”. Adding “On or shortly after 29.10.43”.[191] As P. Rosario he is on the BAAG Roll of Honour in Ride 331. The headstone of his grave at the Stanley Military Cemetery gives both of his names and his death as 31st Sep.1943.[192]

Francisco de Paulo Sequeira “Chico”. Private 3700. HKVDC[193] Born 26th Mar.1898.[194]. Francisco is not listed as dying in action or in POW camp. Everest states he demobilized 29th Dec. 1941. Silva says he was executed by the Japanese.[195] Forjaz states he died under torture on 30th August 1944 in Sham Shui Po.[196] This is confirmed by a burial record.[197] Francisco is recorded on a family headstone at St. Michael’s Cemetery Hong Kong.[198]

Francisco "Francis" "Chico" de Paulo Sequeira With wife Matilda Nutall, son Rennie and daughter Sheila

John William White “Bill”. Born 21 Oct 1903[199] he is mostly recorded as William John White. He was Portuguese through his mother Dorothy Pereira married to James or George Sinclair White, see Forjaz Vol II pg. 492. William was recruited by agent David Loie to conduct espionage for BAAG. He was a driver and accused of possession of a radio set and communicating with BAAG in Waichow and with Stanley Internment Camp through Alexander Sinton. Sinton was accused of communicating with Frederick Bradley in Stanley Camp by way of ration truck drivers.[200] White, Sinton and Bradley were part of the 33 BAAG linked persons executed by decapitation on St Stephen’s Beach Stanley on 29th Oct. 1943.[201] There is a record of Japanese Court Martial proceedings for 19th Oct.1943 stating that William was a “Portuguese” resident from Wanchai Rd.[202] Under the name William John White he is listed by Banham 2009 pg. 152 of those executed,[203] and in the BAAG Roll of Honour in Ride pg.332 and on the DBS Roll of Honour. Being a light house keeper William was not in the HKVDC whereas both his brothers fought in the Volunteers with distinction and were sent to Japan as slave labour. He is buried in Stanley Military Cemetery.[204]

Joseph Nelson Wilkinson. DR31/Gunner, 5th Anti-Aircraft Battery (Sai Wan Fort) HKVDC.[205] Prior to the war Joseph was working with the Hong Kong and Whampoa Docks Co. His mother was Dora Maria Pereira.[206] He was killed in action 18th Dec.1941[207] and per Everest, Stewart and Banham.[208] Joseph is remembered with a headstone at the Stanley War Cemetery.[209]

Filipe António Lima Yvanovich “Pito”. Lance Corporal, 3832.[210] Filipe was born 13th Jan. 1887. Forjaz states he died under torture on 6th Feb.1944 in Stanley Prison.[211] This is also reported by Silva[212] His son Filipe António Yvanovich Jnr. ‘L/CPL 3625’ was captured on 26th Dec.1941 and was liberated on 2nd Sep.1945 at Hong Kong.[213]

Filipe Yvanovich with family .

Standing: Alzira, Palmira and Laura "Lolita"

Seated: Filipe, Palmira (nursing Carlos "Calau"), Teresa "Titch", Filipe "Pito", Guilherme "Avichi"

British Army Aid Group (BAAG).

The Portuguese Community both in Macao and Hong Kong were involved in the underground or resistance. To protect themselves and their families, they kept their activities secret.[214] Barnabas Koo says “Despite the declaration of neutrality by Portugal, the whole Portuguese Community in Hong Kong was under suspicion for assisting the British Army Aid Group (BAAG), which was based in Free China and was operating clandestinely in Hong Kong. The Japanese did not know who was, or was not, involved. To find out, they rounded up everybody. Japanese soldiers raided Club Lusitano and dropped in frequently in search of suspects. Houses were raided where they rounded up able-bodied men and a few women for interrogation. Some died under torture or were executed….”[215] Silva says many were tortured on suspicion of working for British intelligence or BAAG, with a list of those known which lists 14, including 2 women, and many others.[216] We have added two Volunteers who were tortured while in POW camps. Many Portuguese who would have been tortured and killed are unknown. Some were on the sidelines but still in mortal danger. This is Silva’s list of tortured derived from Bosco Correa:

(a) Marcus da Silva, numerous sources show his courage and ability, and Forjaz has thorough information on Marcus Alberto da Silva.[217]

(b) Fernao de Carvalho, known as “Sonny”, baptised 26th May 1925, Fernão Henrique de Carvalho [218]

Standing rear right at the marriage of Henrique Jose da Silva and Aurea Celina de Carvalho, 1923

(c) Jose Alvares, perhaps Jose Augusto Franklin Alvares born 3rd Mar. 1905.[219]

Jose Augusto Franklin Alvares pictured far left at the marriage of Edgar Xavier and Jose Rosario, 1947

Back row: Irene Xavier, Maria Placé Rozario, Eduardo Rozario

Middle row: José Álvares, Margarida Marquez, Elga Xavier, José Rozario, Caezar Cunha, Paulo Xavier

Front row: Jeanette Xavier, Edward Rozario

(d) Eduardo de Castro Basto, and his wife, probably Luis Eduardo Fernandes Basto born 1st Sep. 1892, was married 8th Apr. 1940 Maude Elizabeth White born in Hong Kong 1895.[220] Brian Edgar says the couple were sentenced to prison while his brother Carlos was executed.

(e) Bernadino ‘Baby’ de Castro Basto, probably Bernadino de Senna Fernandes de Castro Basto born 15th Nov. 1885.[221]

Luis Eduardo Fernandes Basto, left with glasses and Bernardino ‘baby’ de Castro Basto, rear with glasses in a family photo

(f) Jack Alves, Joao Antonio de Selavisa Alves, in No. 5 Machine Gun Company.[222]

L-R Noberto “Bertie” Antonio de Barros Maher, Jack Alves, Secundino “Bebe” dos Santos da Silva Sequeira, Gustavo Uriel da Rosa, Carlos Eugenio Luiz “Susie” dos Passos

(g) Francisco ‘Paco’ d’Almada Remedios, Francisco Xavier D’Almada Remédios, born 4th Dec. 1891. He was sentenced to 10 years’ imprisonment with his brother Fernando in 1942 for espionage by Japanese. [223]

Francisco ‘Paco’ d’Almada Remedios with glasses at Club Lusitano, 1924

(h) Fernando E. d’Almada Remedios, Fernando Eduardo D’Almada Remédios born 13th October 1894. [224]

Fernando E d’Almada Remedios, rear right pictured at Club Lusitano, 1924

(i) Luis Luigi do Rosario Souza, per Forjaz was married to Rose Emma White and connected to the White families.[225] Silva II pg. 32 summarizes his involvement. An HSBC employee, he was accused of listening to radios and passing on information. Tortured, he was reprieved from execution and sentenced to 15 years in prison.

Luis Luigo do Rosario Souza pictured with glasses behind the man with the striped tie, at the opening of the new Hongkong and Shanghai Bank Building in 1935

(j) Henrique Barros or Henrique Alberto Barros born 20th February 1905.[226]

(k) Edward da Roza or Eduardo Bruno da Rosa, known as Eddie, born 9th October 1912.[227]

(l) Guilherme ‘Avichi’ Yvanovich, Forjaz V/868, Guilherme Antonio Yvanovich born 6th Nov. 1924.

Appears in a 1940 photograph with his father Filipe.[228]

Avichi pictured wearing striped tie at Carlos d’Assumpcao’s curly haired infant held centre) birthday party, 1933

(m) Maria Fernanda de Carvalho, born 26th Jul. 1923, daughter of Fernão above.[229]

(n) Many others, for example, 2nd Lt Porphyrio Nolasco da Silva, among others, was taken away on 24th Apr. 1942 and returned to POW camp with others on 16th May 1942 after being tortured.[230]

Lt Porfirio Nolasco da Silva, pictured seated left with his brothers Luís, Henrique Pedro, José & Joao (seated) at Coimbra University, Portugal

(o) Captain Henrique Alberto de Barros Botelho, “Darkie” or “Bots”, born 4th May 1906, commanding officer of No. 6 (Portuguese) Light Machine Gun Coy, suffered water torture while POW.[231]

Observations and Conclusion.

After the adjustments, additions, but no subtractions, the total named as dead are the twenty-six on the Club de Recreio Memorial, plus another eleven. Thus, the total currently listed has increased to thirtyseven.

More names and Portuguese family information may come forth so it may be premature to adjust the totals summarized in the first part of this series. Over 80 years have passed, who knows how many more unknown died, without witness and record. The Everest and Stewart lists are for members of HKVDC, so for example, William White, one of the Cullen brothers, Edward James Cullen, Frederico Cunha and Peter Hunt (Rosario) were not included and depend on community memory, Dr Forjaz and other sources. Research may reveal more of the Portuguese community or ancestry who were actively involved or died in the defence and resistance of Hong Kong, such as the White brothers. As seen by these examples, several men who either died or survived were the sons of Portuguese-descent mothers, with non-Portuguese surnames which, as time passes and memories fade, requires research to reveal their Portuguese family ancestry and connections.

Hence additions to the Club de Recreio Memorial in future could have more names of those who died in the defence and resistance, and also be a memorial to those now known only to God. This would be some recognition of those who risked their lives and died unknown during torture or starvation. Some civilian deaths in the community were well known, but most are not clearly recorded and at risk of being forgotten.

References:

[1] Manuscript.

[2] BAAG: Hong Kong Resistance, 1942-1945. By Edwin Ride. 1981.

[3] Evan Stewart Pg.87.

[4] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. I. Pg.200.

[5] Not the Slightest Chance – The Defence of Hong Kong. By Tony Banham. 2003. Pg.155.

[6] UK National Records WO.361 Casualties and Missing Personal 1939-1945. (1118: Far East: Argyle Street Prisoner of War Camp ‘N’ Hong Kong: Lists of Dead).

[7] UK National Records RG33. Recorded in the Colonial Office Registry of Deaths. Foreign Registers and Returns, 1627-1969. Piece 011: Hong Kong Deaths, 1941-1945. Pg.29.

[8] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. I. Pg.602.

[9] Evan Stewart Pg.90.

[ 10] UK Na t iona l Re cords . WO.361Casualties and Missing Personal 1939-1945. (Released 1974: Prisoners of War, Far East: Hong Kong POW Camp, as of 1 November 1944).

[11] Acknowledgement – Robert

Francis Leitao (via Ancestry.com).

2020.

[12] Evan Stewart Pg.90.

[13] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. II. Pp.747-748.

[14] UK National Records WO.361 Casualties and Missing Personal 1939-1945. (1118: Far East: Argyle Street Prisoner of War Camp ‘N’ Hong Kong: Lists of Dead).

[15] Evan Stewart Pg.90.

[16] UK National Records . WO.361Casualties and Missing Personal 1939-1945. (Released 1974: Prisoners of War, Far East: Hong Kong POW Camp, as of 1 November 1944).

[17] Evan Stewart Pg.87.

[18] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. IV. Pg.125.

[19] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. IV. Pg.125.

[20] Commonwealth War Graves Commission 1939-1947. Hong Kong. Stanley Military Cemetery and Minor Cemeteries in Hong Kong.

[21] Not the Slightest Chance – The Defence of Hong Kong. By Tony Banham. 2003. Pg.109.

[ 2 2 ] UK Na t iona l Re cords . WO.361Casualties and Missing Personal 1939-1945. (Released 1974: Prisoners of War, Far East: Hong Kong POW Camp, as of 1 November 1944).

[23] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. I. Pg. 493.

[24] Not the Slightest Chance – The Defence of Hong Kong. By Tony Banham. 2003. Pg.181.

[25] UK National Records. Far East Deaths of POWs. World War II Allied Prisoners of War, 1939-1945 (SS/330/144/5SS)

[26] Evan Stewart Pg.90.

[27] UK, Commonwealth War Graves 1939-1947. Hong Kong. Stanley Militar y Cemeter y and Minor Cemeteries in Hong Kong.

[28] Evan Stewart Pg.88.

[29] the Slightest Chance – The Defence of Hong Kong. By Tony Banham. 2003. Pg.83.

[30] UK National Records. Waichow Intelligence Summery No.31. – 22nd May 1943. ‘Deaths at the Military Hospital, Bowen Road.’ Edwin Ride Archives.

[31] UK, Commonwealth War Graves Commission 1939-1947. Hong Kong. Stanley Military Cemetery and Minor Cemeteries in Hong Kong.

[32] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. II. Pg.578.

[33] We Shall Suffer There: Hong Kong’s Defenders Imprisoned, 1942-45. By Tony Banham. 2009. Pg.238.

[34] UK, Commonwealth War Graves Commission 1939-1947. Hong Kong. Stanley Military Cemetery and Minor Cemeteries in Hong Kong.

[35] Evan Stewart Pg.90.

[36] Famílias Macaaenses. By JorgeForjaz. 2017. Vol. II. Pp.793-794.

[37] UK National Records WO.345 Japanese Index Cards of Allied POWs 1942-1947. (22: Japanese Index Cards of Allied Prisoner of War and Inte rne e s , Wor ld Wa r I I : Griffith-Hance.

[38] UK National Records RG33. Recorded in the Colonial Office Registry of Deaths. Foreign Registers and Returns, 1627-1969. Piece 011: Hong Kong Deaths, 1941-1945. Pg.44.

[39] We Shall Suffer There: Hong Kong’s Defenders Imprisoned,

1942-45. By Tony Banham. 2009. Pg.76.

[40] UK, Commonwealth War Graves, 1939-1947 Hong Kong. Stanley Military Cemetery and Minor Cemeteries in Hong Kong.

[41] Acknowledgement – Robert Francis Leitao (via Ancestry.com). 2020.

[42 ] UK, Commonwe a l th Wa r Graves, 1939-1947. Hong Kong. Stanley Military Cemetery and Minor Cemeteries in Hong Kong.

[43] UK, Commonwealth War Graves Commission 1939-1947. Hong Kong. Stanley Military Cemetery and Minor Cemeteries in Hong Kong.

[44] Evan Stewart Pg.88.

[45] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. III. Pg.19.

[46] Seen By Clifford Pereira 2026.

[47] UK National Records RG33. Recorded in the Colonial Office Registry of Deaths. Foreign Registers and Returns, 1627-1969. Piece 011: Hong Kong Deaths, 1941-1945. Pg.28.

[48] Acknowledgement – Robert Francis Leitao (via Ancestry.com). 2020.

[49] UK, Commonwealth War Graves, 1939-1947 Hong Kong. Stanley Military Cemetery and Minor Cemeteries in Hong Kong.

[50] Evan Stewart Pg.88.

[51] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. III. Pg.61.

[52] UK National Records RG33. Recorded in the Colonial Office Registry of Deaths. Foreign Registers and Returns, 1627-1969. Piece 011: Hong Kong Deaths, 1941-1945. Pg.89.

[53] We Shall Suffer There: Hong Kong’s Defenders Imprisoned, 1942-45. By Tony Banham. 2009. Pg.211.

[54] UK, Commonwe a l th Wa r Graves, 1939-1947 Hong Kong. Stanley Military Cemetery and Minor Cemeteries in Hong Kong.

[55] WO 345 Japanese Index Cards of Allied POWs 1942-1947. 42 Japanese Index Cards of Allied Prisoners of War and Internees, World War II: Pragnell-Rayson.

[56] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. III. Pg.107.

[57] Acknowledgement – Robert Francis Leitao (via Ancestry.com). 2020.

[58] Evan Stewart Pg.90.

[59] Acknowledgement – Robert Francis Leitao (via Ancestry.com). 2020.

[60] We Shall Suffer There: Hong Kong’s Defenders Imprisoned, 1942-45. By Tony Banham. 2009. Pg.76.

[61] UK National Records RG33. Recorded in the Colonial Office Registry of Deaths. Foreign Registers and Returns, 1627-1969. Piece 011: Hong Kong Deaths, 1941-1945. Pg.89.

[62] UK, Commonwealth War Graves, 1939-1947 Hong Kong. Stanley Military Cemetery and Minor Cemeteries in Hong Kong.

[63] Evan Stewart Pg.89.

[64] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. III. Pg.415.

[65] Acknowledgement – Robert Francis Leitao (via Ancestry.com). 2020.

[66] UK National Records RG33. Recorded in the Colonial Office Registry of Deaths. Foreign Registers and Returns, 1627-1969. Piece 011: Hong Kong Deaths, 1941-1945. Pg.23.

[67] Everest Manuscript.

[68] We Shall Suffer There: Hong Kong’s Defenders Imprisoned, 1942-45. By Tony Banham. 2009. Pg.154.

[69] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. III. Pg.415.

[70] UK National Records . WO.361Casualties and Missing Personal 1939-1945. (Released 1974: Prisoners of War, Far East: Hong Kong POW Camp, as of 1 November 1944).

[71] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. III. Pg.415.

[72] Evan Stewart Pg.89.

[73] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. III. Pg.491.

[74] UK National Records RG33. Recorded in the Colonial Office Registry of Deaths. Foreign Registers and Returns, 1627-1969. Piece 011: Hong Kong Deaths, 1941-1945. Pg.8.

[75] Not the Slightest Chance – The Defence of Hong Kong. By Tony Banham. 2003. Pg.155.

[76] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. III. Pg.491.

[77] UK National Records RG33. Recorded in the Colonial Office Registry of Deaths. Foreign Registers and Returns, 1627-1969. Piece 011: Hong Kong Deaths, 1941-1945. Pg.8.

[78] UK, Commonwealth War Graves, 1939-1947 Hong Kong. Stanley Military Cemetery and Minor Cemeteries in Hong Kong.

[79] Asia, Directories and Chronicles Relating to Government Agencies and Foreign Nationals , 1917-1941. (Hong Kong)

[80] Evan Stewart Pg.89.

[81] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. III. Pg.795.

[82] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. III. Pg.788.

[83] Not the Slightest Chance – The Defence of Hong Kong. By Tony Banham. 2003. Pg.110.

[84] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. III. Pg.795.

[85 ] UK National Records . WO.361Casualties and Missing Personal 1939-1945. (Released 1974:

Prisoners of War, Far East: Hong Kong POW Camp, as of 1 November 1944).

[86] UK National Records RG33. Recorded in the Colonial Office Registry of Deaths. Foreign Registers and Returns, 1627-1969. Piece 011:Hong Kong Deaths, 1941-1945. Pg.14.

[87] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. III. Pg.877.

[88] Evan Stewart Pg.89.

[89] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. III. Pg.877.

[90] Evan Stewart Pg.89.

[91] Not the Slightest Chance – The Defence of Hong Kong. By TonyBanham. 2003. Pg.109.

[92 ] UK Na t iona l Re cords . WO.361Casualties and Missing Personal 1939-1945. (Released 1974: Prisoners of War, Far East: Hong Kong POW Camp, as of 1 November 1944).

[93] Seen By Clifford Pereira 2026.

[94] Evan Stewart Pg.91.

[95] Not the Slightest Chance – The Defence of Hong Kong. By Tony Banham. 2003. Pg.151.

[96] WO 345 Japanese Index Cards of Allied POWs 1942-1947. 42 Japanese Index Cards of Allied Prisoners of War and Internees, World War II: Pragnell-Rayson.

[97] The Portuguese Community in Hong Kong: A Pictorial History. By António M. J. da Silva. 2007. Pg.121.

[98] Evan Stewart Pg.91.

[99] Not the Slightest Chance – The Defence of Hong Kong. By Tony Banham. 2003. Pg.151.

[100] British Army Aid Group – BAAG: Hong Kong Resistance 1942-1945. By Edwin Ride. Pg.331.

[101] Acknowledgement – Robert Francis Leitao (via Ancestry.com). 2020.

[102] UK, Commonwealth War Graves, 1939-1947 Hong Kong. Stanley Military Cemetery and Minor Cemeteries in Hong Kong.

[103] Evan Stewart Pg.89.

[104] Acknowledgement – Robert Francis Leitao (via Ancestry.com). 2020.

[105] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. IV. Pg. 253.

[106] UK National Records RG33. Recorded in the Colonial Office Registry of Deaths. Foreign Registers and Returns, 1627-1969. Piece 011: Hong Kong Deaths, 1941-1945. Pg.30.

[107] Not the Slightest Chance – The Defence of Hong Kong. By TonyBanham. 2003. Pg.154.

[108] UK, Commonwealth War Graves, 1939-1947 Hong Kong. Stanley Military Cemetery and Minor Cemeteries in Hong Kong.

[109] Evan Stewart Pg.89.

[110] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. IV. Pg.253.

[111] Acknowledgement – Robert Francis Leitao (via Ancestry.com). 2020.

[112] UK National Records RG33. Recorded in the Colonial Office Registry of Deaths. Foreign Registers and Returns, 1627-1969. Piece 011: Hong Kong Deaths, 1941-1945. Pg.23.

[113] UK National Records . WO.361Casualties and Missing Personal 1939-1945. (Released 1974: Prisoners of War, Far East: Hong Kong POW Camp, as of 1 November 1944).

[114] Evan Stewart Pg.89.

[115] Banham. Pg.109.

[116] UK, Commonwealth War Graves, 1939-1947 Hong Kong. Stanley Military Cemetery and Minor Cemeteries in Hong Kong.

[117] UK National Records RG33. Recorded in the Colonial Office Registry of Deaths. Foreign Registers and Returns, 1627-1969. Piece 011: Hong Kong Deaths, 1941-1945. Pg.30.

[118] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. IV. Pg.253.

[119] Acknowledgement – Robert Francis Leitao (via Ancestry.com). 2020.

[120] Evan Stewart Pg.89.

[121] UK National Records RG33. Recorded in the Colonial Office Registry of Deaths. Foreign Registers and Returns, 1627-1969. Piece 011: Hong Kong Deaths, 1941-1945. Pg.28.

[122] Acknowledgement – Robert Francis Leitao (via Ancestry.com). 2020.

[123] WO.361Casualties and Missing Personal 1939-1945. (Released 1974: Prisoners of War, Far East: Hong Kong POW Camp, as of 1 November 1944).

[124] WO.361Casualties and Missing Personal 1939-1945. (Released 1974: Prisoners of War, Far East: Hong Kong POW Camp, as of 1 November 1944).

[125] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. IV. Pg.253.

[126] UK National Records . WO.361Casualties and Missing Personal 1939-1945. (Released 1974: Prisoners of War, Far East: Hong Kong POW Camp, as of 1 November 1944).

[127] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. V. Pg.718.

[128] Not the Slightest Chance – The Defence of Hong Kong. By Tony Banham. 2003. Pg.77.

[129] UK National Records. WO 293 POW Lists 1943-1945. 26: BritishPrisoners of War Held in Japan or Japanese-Occupied Territory: R-Z.

[130] Evan Stewart Pg.91.

[131] Evan Stewart Pg.89.

[132] Not the Slightest Chance – The Defence of Hong Kong. By Tony Banham. 2003. Pg.109.

[133] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. IV. Pg. 523.

[134] Asia , Diresctories and Chronicles relating to Government Agencies and Foreign Nationals, 1917-1941. (Hong Kong)

[135] Not the Slightest Chance – The Defence of Hong Kong. By Tony Banham. 2003. Pg.109.

[136] UK, Commonwealth War Graves, 1939-1947 Hong Kong. Stanley Military Cemetery and Minor Cemeteries in Hong Kong.

[137] UK National Records RG33. Recorded in the Colonial Office Registry of Deaths. Foreign Registers and Returns, 1627-1969. Piece 011: Hong Kong Deaths, 1941-1945. Pg.26.

[138] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. V. Pg.180.

[139] Not the Slightest Chance – The Defence of Hong Kong. By Tony Banham. 2003. Pg.83.

[140] UK National Records RG33. Recorded in the Colonial Office Registry of Deaths. Foreign Registers and Returns, 1627-1969. Piece 011: Hong Kong Deaths, 1941-1945. Pg.26.

[141] Military History. By Philip Cracknel l. https://battleforhongkong.blogspot.com/2021/04/awalkthrough-historymount-davis-hong.html

[142] Acknowledgement – Robert Francis Leitao (via Ancestry.com).2020.

[143] UK National Records. UK Allied Prisoners of War, 1939-1945. 26: British Prisoners of War Held in Japan or Japanese-Occupied Territory: R-Z.

[144] UK National Records. UK Allied Prisoners of War, 1939-1945. 26: British Prisoners of War Held in Japan or Japanese-Occupied Territory: R-Z.

[145] Evan Stewart Pg.91.

[146] Not the Slightest Chance – The Defence of Hong Kong. By Tony Banham. 2003. Pg.237.

[147] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. V. Pg.241.

[148] Waichow Intelligence Summery No.31. – 22nd May 1943. ‘Deaths at the Military Hospital, Bowen Road.’ Elizabeth Ride Archives.

[149] UK National Records. UK Allied Prisoners of War, 1939-1945.

[150] Seen By Clifford Pereira 2026.

[151] UK Commonwealth War Graves, 1939-1947. Hong Kong. Stanley Military Cemetery and Minor Cemeteries in Hong Kong.

[152] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. V. Pg.497.

[153] UK. World War II Allied Prisoners of War, 1939-1945.

[154] We Shall Suffer There: Hong Kong’s Defenders Imprisoned, 1942-45. By Tony Banham. 2009. Pg.178.

[155] Evan Stewart Pg.91.

[156] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. V. Pg.497.

[157] UK National Records. UK Allied Prisoners of War, 1939-1945.

[158] UK Commonwealth War Graves, 1939-1947. Hong Kong. Stanley Military Cemetery and Minor Cemeteries in Hong Kong.

[159] BAAG: Hong Kong Resistance, 1942-1945. By Edwin Ride. Pg.331.

[160] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. I Pg.618.

[161] Talk at Club Lusitano 15th Jan.2026 by Brian Edgar.

[162] The Portuguese Community in Hong Kong: A Pictorial History. By António M. J. da Silva. 2007. Pg.30.

[163] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. I Pg.618.

[164] We Shall Suffer There: Hong Kong’s Defenders Imprisoned, 1942-45. By Tony Banham. 2009. Pg.185.

[165] UK, Army Roll of Honour, 1939-1945.

[166] Acknowledgement – RobertFrancis Leitao (via Ancestry.com). 2020.

[167] The Defence of Hong Kong, 1941. By Tony Banham. 2003. Pg.212.

[168] UK, Commonwealth War Graves, 1939-1947. Hong Kong. Stanley Military Cemetery and Minor Cemeteries in Hong Kong.

[169] Acknowledgement – Robert Francis Leitao (via Ancestry.com).2020.

[170] WO.361Casualties and Missing Personal 1939-1945. (Released 1974: Prisoners of War, Far East: Hong Kong POW Camp, as of 1 November 1944).

[171] The Defence of Hong Kong, 1941. By Tony Banham. 2003. Pg.180.

[172] UK, Commonwealth War Graves, 1939-1947 Hong Kong. Stanley Military Cemetery and Minor Cemeteries in Hong Kong.

[173] WO 345 Japanese Index Cards of Allied POWs 1942-1947. 42 Japanese Index Cards of Allied Prisoners of War and Internees, World War II: Cribb-Davie.

[174] UK, Commonwealth War Graves, 1939-1947 Hong Kong. Stanley Military Cemetery and Minor Cemeteries in Hong Kong.

[175] Acknowledgement – Robert Francis Leitao (via Ancestry.com). 2020.

[176] UK Commonwealth War Graves, 1939-1947. Hong Kong. Stanley Military Cemetery and Minor Cemeteries in Hong Kong.

[177] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. II Pg.258.

[178] Acknowledgement – Robert Francis Leitao (via Ancestry.com). 2020.

[179] UK Commonwealth War Graves, 1939-1947. Hong Kong. Stanley Military Cemetery and Minor Cemeteries in Hong Kong.

[180] UK Army Roll of Honour 1939-1945. Hong Kong. Stanley Military Cemeter y and Minor Cemeteries in Hong Kong.

[181] Vapour Steamship Sai On, 12 Mar 1942.

[182] UK Army Roll of Honour 1939-1945.

[183] UK Commonwealth War Graves, 1939-1947. Hong Kong. Stanley Military Cemetery and Minor

Cemeteries in Hong Kong.

[184] UK, Commonwealth War Graves, 1939-1947. Hong Kong. Stanley Military Cemetery and MinorCemeteries in Hong Kong.

[185] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. III. Pg.105.

[186] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. III. Pg.105.

[187] Seen by Clifford Pereira 2026.

[188] BAAG: Hong Kong Resistance,

1942-1945. By Edwin Ride. Pg.331.

[189] UK, Commonwealth War Graves, 1939-1947 Hong Kong. Stanley Military Cemetery and Minor Cemeteries in Hong Kong.

[190] UK, Commonwealth War Graves, 1939-1947 Hong Kong. Stanley Military Cemetery and Minor Cemeteries in Hong Kong.

[191] UK , World War II Army Casualty Lists - Other Ranks (1946-1945).

[192] UK, Commonwealth War Graves, 1939-1947 Hong Kong. Stanley Military Cemetery and Minor Cemeteries in Hong Kong.

[193] Evan Stewart Pg.85.

[194] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. I Pg.182.

[195] The Portuguese Community in Hong Kong: A Pictorial History. By António M. J. da Silva. 2007. Pg.30.

[196] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. I. Pg.182.

[197] Acknowledgement – Robert Francis Leitao (via Ancestry.com). 2020.

[198] Acknowledgement – Robert Francis Leitao (via Ancestry.com). 2020.

[199] Rev Carl Smith card index via Gwulo.

[200] The Occupation of Hong Kong 1941-45. By Philip Cracknell. 2022. Pg.307.

[201] Gwulo. https://gwulo.com/node/28318

[202] Extract f rom [Japanese] Military Intelligence Report No.4. Courtesy of Edwin Ride, via Gwulo.

[203] Not the Slightest Chance – The Defence of Hong Kong. By Tony Banham. 2003.

[204] Seen by Clifford Pereira, 2026.

[205] UK, Commonwealth War Graves, 1939-1947 Hong Kong. Stanley Military Cemetery and Minor

Cemeteries in Hong Kong.

[206] Ancestry.com.

[207] UK National Records RG33. Recorded in the Colonial Office Registry of Deaths. Foreign Registers and Returns, 1627-1969. Piece 011: Hong Kong Deaths, 1941-1945. Pg.15.

[208] Not the Slightest Chance – The Defence of Hong Kong. By Tony Banham. 2003. Pg.109.

[209] Seen by Clifford Pereira, 2026.

[210] UK National Records.WO.361Casualties and Missing Personal 1939-1945. (Released 1974: Prisoners of War, Far East: Hong Kong POW Camp, as of 1 November 1944).

[211] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. V. Pg.867.

[212] The Portuguese Community in Hong Kong: A Pictorial History. By António M. J. da Silva. 2007. Pg. 30.

[213] UK National Records. UK Allied Prisoners of War, 1939-1945. 26: British Prisoners of War Held in Japan or Japane s e -Oc cupi e d Territory: R-Z.

[214] The Portuguese in Hong Kong and China – Beginning, Settlement and Progress to 1949. By Barnabas Koo Pg.123.

[215] The Portuguese in Hong Kong and China – Beginning, Settlement and Progress to 1949. By Barnabas Koo Pg.136.

[216] The Portuguese Community in Hong Kong: A Pictorial History. By António M. J. da Silva. 2007. Pg.31.

[217] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. V. Pg.235.

[218] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. I. Pg.897.

[219] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. I. Pg.179.

[220] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. I. Pg.619.

[221] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. I. Pg.631.

[222] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. I. Pg.198.

[223] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. IV. Pg.364.

[224] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. IV. Pg.360.

[225] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. V. Pg.515.

[226] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. I. Pg.598.

[227] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. IV. Pg.720.

[228] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. V. Pg.867.

[229] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. I. Pg.897.

[230] We Shall Suffer There: Hong Kong’s Defenders Imprisoned, 1942-45. By Tony Banham. 2009. Pp.43-44.

[231] Famílias Macaaenses. By Jorge Forjaz. 2017. Vol. I. Pg.722.